Winter Weather Terminologies

Winter Weather Terminologies The terms winter tempests and blizzards may mean generally something very similar, yet notice a word like snowstorm, and it passes on far beyond only a tempest with day off. Heres a gander at the whirlwind of winter climate terms you may hear in your estimate, and what each means.â Snowstorms Snowstorms are perilous winter storms whose blowing day off high breezes lead to low perceivability and white out conditions. While substantial snowfall regularly happens with snowstorms it isnt required. Truth be told, if solid breezes get snow that is now fallen this would be considered as a snowstorm (a ground snowstorm to be precise.) In request to be viewed as a snowstorm, a blizzard must have: substantial day off blowing day off, of 35 mph or more, and a perceivability of 1/4 mile or less, all going on for in any event 3 hours. Ice Storms Another sort of hazardous winter storm is the ice storm. Since the heaviness of ice (freezing precipitation and hail) can down trees and electrical cables, it doesnt take a lot of it to deaden a city. Collections of simply 0.25 crawls to 0.5 inches are viewed as noteworthy, with gatherings over 0.5 inches considered as devastating. (Simply 0.5 creeps of ice on electrical cables can mean 500 pounds of additional weight!) Ice storms are likewise incredibly hazardous to drivers and people on foot. Extensions and bridges are particularly risky when going since they freeze before different surfaces. Lake Effect Snow Lake impact snow happens when chilly, dry air moves over an enormous warm waterway, (for example, one of the Great Lakes) and gets dampness and warmth. Lake impact snow is known for delivering overwhelming eruptions of snow showers known as snow gusts, which drop a few crawls of snowfall for each hour. Noreasters Named for their breezes which blow from the upper east, noreasters are low weight frameworks that carry overwhelming precipitation and snow toward the East Coast of North America. Albeit a genuine noreaster can happen whenever of the year, theyre generally furious in the winter and spring and can regularly be solid to the point that they trigger snowstorms and thundersnow. How hard is it snowing? Like precipitation, there are various terms used to portray snowfall relying upon how quick or strongly it is falling. These include: Snow Flurries: Flurries are characterized as light snow falling for a brief length. They can likewise be little snowflakes succumbing to longer timeframes. The most gathering that can be normal is a light tidying of snow.Snow Showers: When snow is falling at different powers for brief timeframes, we call it snow showers. Some collection is conceivable, yet not guaranteed.Snow Squalls: Often, brief yet extreme snow showers will be joined by solid, windy breezes. These are alluded to as snow gusts. Amassing might be significant.Blowing Snow: Blowing snow is another winter risk. High wind paces can blow falling snow into practically even groups. What's more, lighter snows on the ground might be gotten and redistributed by the breeze causing decreased perceivability, white out conditions, and snow floats. Altered by Tiffany Means

Boeing corporation crisis Essay

Joined is a report of the greatest emergency that the Boeing Corporation has ever looked in its reality. First it will depict the occasions paving the way to the issue before it turned into an open issue. At that point we will talk about in broad detail precisely what the issue is that Boeing is confronting and how they can beat it. The group of xxx finished the exploration and the composed report of the emergency. Boeing is a global provider of business carrier planes, military barrier airplane, and reconnaissance. Halfway because of the September eleventh assaults on the United States, the Boeing Corporation will lay off 30,000 workers from their across the country offices. The cutbacks will influence urban areas, for example, Los Angeles, Seattle, Houston, St. Louis, Philadelphia, and will influence representatives from section level to official workplaces. The declarations of these issues have caused Boeing’s stock to tumble to an astonishing low and creation levels to drop drastically. XXX might want to say thanks to XXX for allowing us the chance to finish this exploration task. The examination helped us figure out how to all the more effectively use the various databases accessible to us and put it into a configuration so it tends to be introduced to an open association or the media. The aptitudes learned in the term of finishing this report will have the option to be used when introducing to upper administration a nitty gritty issue and answers for a particular issue. Boeing Corporation Crisis Cal State Fullerton Jean Fuller May 28, 2002 Official Summary Today the Boeing Corporation is confronting probably the biggest emergency throughout the entire existence of the organization. They are laying off a sum of 30,000 workers from their offices across the nation. The cutbacks will occur in urban areas, for example, Los Angeles, Seattle, St. Louis, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. The vast majority of the cutbacks influence the business carrier division, yet the military barrier and aviation divisions will likewise be influenced. The arrangement for the decrease in representative size started in July 2001, however the assaults on the United States on September eleventh left the organization having to lay off more workers. Right now, Boeing is for the most part concentrating on diminishing the measure of required cutbacks. This will be difficult to achieve as a result of the diminished interest for the company’s merchandise and enterprises. Later on, Boeing’s spotlight will be on coming back to a significant level of creation and benefit. They will concentrate on contending with the opposition by expanding item advancement and diminishing costs that the organization brings about during creation with an end goal to keep costs low. Because of financial lull and diminished spending by buyers, the Boeing Corporation was starting to encounter misfortune in incomes and a decrease underway. Not over a quarter of a year later, the assaults on the World Trade Center in New York affected the interest for business airplane in view of dread to go via plane. Likewise, overwhelming rivalry with Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman, Boeing isn't being granted the same number of agreements with the United States military, which is causing a decrease in incomes for the aviation and military safeguard divisions. There are very few different ways to beat the whole issue, yet there are a few choices that the organization can consider so as to decrease them. The choices are to convey hours similarly among the representatives, reallocate workers into various divisions, offer severance pay, and to keep on cutback workers. Boeing must be cautious in the manner that this specific circumstance is taken care of. In the event that workers feel just as they are being dealt with unjustifiable, they won't have work fulfillment and creation may diminish. The most ideal answer for the Boeing’s issue is to similarly appropriate the hours among the representatives. By doing this workers will keep up their occupations. This will bring about higher employment fulfillment than different other options, and Boeing won't need to experience a broad procedure to rehire when they return back to a phase of benefit. Boeing Issue Statement As Boeing faces one of the best budgetary emergencies throughout the entire existence of the aircraft business, Boeing plans to cut creation laborers, designers and care staff by mid-2002 (Nyhan, September 2001). In view of a declining economy just as fear based oppressor assaults that happened on September eleventh, Boeing is laying off an aggregate of 30,000 representatives in all divisions of the organization: aviation, business avionics, and military protection. The cutbacks will occur in Los Angeles, St. Louis, Seattle, Oklahoma, and the Puget Sound zone, and will influence everybody from salaried administrators to the hourly paid support representatives. Cutbacks are an indication of organization disturbance and ought to be stayed away from to keep up the organization investors. Short and Long-Term Goals Boeing’s essential momentary target is to keep up a sensible degree of productivity given the ongoing events. It will endeavor to achieve this by lessening the measure of dollars that are paid to the present representatives by either diminishing their hours, or totally firing their work with the organization. In light of current gracefully and request of the organization, benefits will be diminished if the present degree of workers is kept up. Boeing’s long haul objective is to be the main provider of business, aviation, and military airplane and innovation. They expect to achieve this by keeping up a degree of productivity that fulfills the investors and corporate administrators. They likewise need to keep up an elevated level of rivalry with the present rivalry: Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin. On the off chance that Boeing loses government aviation and military barrier agreements to the opposition, there is a high likelihood that the organization will get indebted and bow out of all financial obligations. Subtleties of the Problem Preceding September eleventh, Boeing was experiencing attempting times. Their satellite assembling activities were in a downturn. This was because of the blasting of the web and telecom bubbles (Laing, 2002). The Commercial Airline Industry was additionally confronting a lull. This was a consequence of high fuel costs, work cost builds, a conditioning of the national economy and low traveler traffic (Smith, 2001). Additionally, enhancements underway effectiveness for Boeing prompted an arrangement to diminish up to 15% of its representatives in the business airplane business. This effectiveness underway was expected to the industry’s first historically speaking moving mechanical production system for the last period of the creation procedure, which cuts unneeded advances (Holmes, 2001). In like manner, before the finish of 2001, Boeing missed out on the biggest military agreement ever when the Pentagon picked rival Lockheed Martin to manufacture the Joint Strike Fighter for shared use by the Air Force, Navy and Marines. This cutting edge kept an eye on warrior is relied upon to stream more than $200 billion in incomes throughout the following 20 years (Laing, 2002). In any case, generally horrible for Boeing were the psychological oppressor assaults on September eleventh. They changed what had been taking care of business as a gentle downturn in business fly requests into an authentic breakdown sought after (Laing, 2002). After the assaults, the need to fly definitely declined because of dread and security gives that made flying an aggravation. This left the US Airline Industry in a genuine emergency. Organizations, for example, Continental, US Airways, American, and Delta slice up to 20% of their ability (Smith, 2001). Source: www.bloomber.com The fear monger assaults came about in Boeing’s stock to dive. Before September eleventh, Boeing’s stock was falling a result of the downturn in the economy. From the chart above, we can see that the assaults made the stock cost to tumble from $50 an offer to $30. This was an indication that speculators knew the effect the fear based oppressor assaults had on Boeing’s industry. After September eleventh, Boeing wanted to react to these issues by cutting creation rates by 50 percent (Nyhan, November 2001). On September eighteenth, multi week after the assaults, Boeing declared at a public interview that it would cutback up to 30,000 representatives by the center of 2002 (Smith, 2001). On that day, Boeing decreased the degree of workers by 12,000: 3,000 through retirement and wearing down, and 9,000 through cutbacks (Farley, 2001). Boeing likewise expressed that their jetliner requests would diminish radically. In the following three years 80% of their 2001 requests would be conveyed (Smith, 2002). They likewise intended to cut their month to month creation of airplane considerably, from 48 to 24. The executive of individuals at Boeing’s business plane unit stated, â€Å"In request to coordinate our decreased creation rate, we should achieve most of the 20,000 to 30,000 decreases in 2002 work by midyear†. Individuals from the Associated Press and Kiro 7 Eyewitness News expressed, â€Å"Last week Boeing authorities reported designs to cutback upwards of 30,000 workers, generally in the Puget Sound zone, before the following year's over a result of diving interest for new planes and delayed conveyances since the psychological oppressor attacks.† Boeing’s business plane division isn't the main division that the cutbacks will impact. Shockingly 5,000 of the 30,000 cutbacks are anticipated to originate from the military division. The military division reductions are likewise because of the September eleventh assaults, however they are chiefly because of worldwide financial stoppage (Klein, 2001). This comes as a shock on the grounds that the military division is required to develop in a period of war or psychological oppressor assaults. Investors may expect that the legislature will demand an expanded degree of creation of contender planes and military aircraft so the United States can command in the war against fear mongering. What's more, the cutbacks won't just influence the Boeing workers, yet additionally individuals outside the organization. Upwards of 20,000 of the Boeing cutbacks may happen in the Seattle zone alone, bringing about an extra 34,000 positions lost by Boeing providers, subcon

How to Write a College Level Research Paper

How to Write a College Level Research Paper How to Succeed in Writing College Research Paper Research papers are common assignments at colleges and universities. Writing a long research paper is a great challenge for most of us, especially those who have never written anything longer than several pages earlier, so lots of students consider this task daunting and feel distressed at the very thought that these challenging assignments account for the most part of their college grades. If you are not one of those few lucky people who can easily churn out an A-worthy research paper, follow these guidelines on how to write a college level research paper, and you are certain to increase your chances to impress your professor. The process of writing a college research paper can be divided into several logical steps which you should follow. Choose a good topic for your research paper. This might be time-consuming and you may find lots of research paper topic ideas for college students on the internet if you do a preliminary research. Choose broad college research paper topic ideas that interest you most of all and make sure you can find enough information on the topic you choose. When considering research paper ideas for college, you should avoid controversial and sensational topics and the topics that are too technical. Narrow your topic, keeping in mind the length of your research paper. Write a strong thesis statement that presents the viewpoint that you are going to support with convincing evidence in your research paper. Make a preliminary list of potential sources of information and evaluate them, choosing only credible relevant sources and make sure that they are up-to-date and available in the library or online. Make a working outline that will help you organize your notetaking. Read actively and take notes. Make summaries of the main points in your own words and note the source of every summary. Make the final outline and divide your topics into subtopics. Write the rough draft and concentrate on the content sticking to the outline. As your rough draft will be revised later several times, there is no need to worry too much about spelling and punctuation. Edit your paper: read it, revise and rewrite, paying special attention to the content and organization of your research paper. Revise and rewrite your paper several times to make sure it is good in content and style. Write the final draft, including citation and bibliography, and a title page if required. Before submitting your paper, proofread it to eliminate mechanical errors and typos. What Is College Research Paper Format? Many academic disciplines have different requirements for organizing a research paper. So you should always ask your professor what basic layout you have to use when writing your college paper. Besides, you can check style guides (APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, etc.) for more information about your college research paper outline and format. This is a basic format for any traditional college level research paper: I.The Abstract is a clear and concise summary of the entire research paper. II.The Introduction starts broad and ends with a specific thesis statement or a research question. III.Background/ Literature Review section is common for research papers that rely on secondary research. IV.Methodology section gives a detailed description of the research design in academic papers that rely on primary research. V.The Results section is included in academic papers that rely on primary research and presents the results of the experiment. VI.Argument/Critique/Discussion section is usually the lengthiest and includes a thorough discussion, argument or critique. This section also gives a precise interpretation of results in academic papers that rely on primary research. VII.Conclusion reinforces the major claims and may suggest further research. VIII.Work Cited/References section presents the list of sources. Keep in mind that not all of the academic research papers may require all these sections. Besides, particular college assignments may have specific requirements with a different layout than this one. If your paper is written in APA format, you have to create a college research paper cover page which should include the page number, the running head, the title, and the personal details. If your research paper is formatted in MLA, you don’t usually have to make a cover page but some college instructors may require you to do it so you should always check their requirements. If you feel that your writing and analytical skills are not up to the task of completing a strong college level research paper on your own, you can hire a professional writer on our custom writing service. Our experienced writers can write a perfect content on any research paper topics for college. They will provide you with the necessary support and you will get a perfectly-written model research paper on your topic. In this way, you will save tons of free time, feel more confident and get good grades.

Ownership of Land - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1704 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This question requires detailed analysis on laws relating to ownership of the land and title to items found in or on the surface of the land. As the principle of law states ‘whoever owns the soil owns everything up to the heavens and down to the depth of the earth’. A person having proprietary rights in the land also has the control of it above and below the surface of the ground, anything that is part of the land, and anything that is sufficiently attached to the land. However this does not mean that a person having control of the land has the right to anything that may be in or on his land. A clear distinction has been drawn between situations where objects are found in the land or on the surface of the land. If an object is found in or attached to the land, the owner of the land has the best claim to it providing that the true owner was not found. Where the object is resting on the ground the position will be different, because the finder of the ob ject then has a better claim to the object. This issue has troubled lawyers long as to who is the lawful owner of items found in or on the land; I shall be discussing the principles of law in question with reference to case law and relevant Statutory Acts Possible claimants who may be entitled to claim the pottery vase found are the Crown, under the Treasure Act 1996; Bryn, as the finder of the object; Carrie as his employer or as a person in occupation of the land; and Zac as the owner of the land. The pottery vase discovered by Bryn may belong to the Crown as treasure under the Treasure Act 1996. An item that falls within the statutory definition of ‘treasure’ is the property of the Crown. According to s.1 of the Treasure Act 1996 ‘treasure’ is defined as an object which is not a coin and is at least 300 years old either gold or silver with 10% of precious metallic content. Under para (a) of s.1 (1) coins can also qualify as a treasure where two or more coins from the same find are found and they are at least 300 years old containing at least 10% of precious metal. We do not have sufficient information to suggest whether the coins found would be ranked as a treasure or not, however if it was a treasure the pottery vase would also be likely to be ranked as a treasure. Assuming that the object found is not a treasure. The next issue is to identify who has the best title to it. The claim to ownership depends on where the object was found. Due to insufficient information it may be assumed that the object was found on the surface of the ground. Bryn as the finder of the object may have a good claim for it. The case of Armory v Delamirie suggests that the finder does not obtain an absolute right to the finding but he can keep it providing that the true owner is not found. In English law the person who can establish a prior possession to an object has a better claim than the person who acquires the possession later] Costello v Der byshire Chief Constable. In this situation the issue is whether Carrie, the owner of the land on which the object was found can be considered to have possession of it before it was found. It is possible for Carrie to have possession of the object which is lying around her land even though she doesn’t know about it, but only if she has manifested an intention to exercise control over the land and things upon it i.e animus possidendi. This depends on whether the land where the object is found was open to public or not, thus in the case of Brides v Hawkesworth the courts held that a traveller who found a bag of money in a shop has a better title to it than the owner of the shop because the shop was open to public at the time he found the object. In parker v British Airways Board, British airways exercised partial control of airport lounge by checking tickets and allowing specific passengers to enter the lounge was held to be insufficient to allow it that it had superior rights t o any objects found in the lounge. The item was found in Carrie’s garden which is a private property and Bryn was there only for gardening purposes, the requisite intention to manifest control will be inferred readily (). Carrie may have a better claim than Bryn on the grounds that Bryn was employed by Carrie and as an employer she had a clear right to direct how anything in the garden should be dealt with. Where in the course of employment an item is found by an employee, his employer has a better right to it than the employee; this was the decision in South Staffordshire Water Co v Sharman. This principle also includes independent Contractors City of London Corporation v Appleyard. As Bryn was employed by Carrie and anything that he finds on the land during the course of his employment, he finds on Carrie’s behalf. Bryn would therefore have mere custody of the item and Carrie would have the legal possession of the item, Carrie is likely to have a better claim than Bryn. Against this there is a strong counter-argument that the pottery vase was found buried in the ground by Bryn whilst gardening. In English law where an item is found in the ground the landowner (Zac) is entitled to it, providing that the true owner cannot be found. Animus possidendi of the free hold owner of the land is presumed where chattels are attached or buried in the land, so he will have superior rights than the finder of the object parker v British Airways Board. In the case of Elwes v Brigg Gas Company the lease holder could not claim a better title to a pre-historic boat found buried in the soil. It was held to belong to the freehold owner of the land. In the given scenario if the pottery vase was found buried in the ground then Zac being the freehold owner of the land would have a better title. Alternatively if Carrie could prove that the item had come on to the land during her tenancy, she may claim a better title than Zac. The next issue is to identify who h as a better title to the diamond brooch, which Carrie found whilst walking on the land which was owned by Mr Cartwright. Again due to insufficient information it cannot be suggested whether the item found falls under the definition of ‘treasure’ or not so ownership would not vest in the Crown. Possible claimants who may be entitle to claim the brooch might therefore include Mr Cartwright, as the true owner of the land; and Carrie by virtue of ‘finders keepers’ principle. Assuming that the object found does not qualify as a treasure, we then have to find out who could claim a better title to the brooch. In the given situation the brooch was found sticking out from grass, which might have come up to the surface due to the rain. Where a chattel is attached to the land or buried under the land the freehold owner of the land can generally establish a possession to it prior to that of the finder. The freehold owner of the land in this situation is Mr Cartwrigh t. To acquire property rights in the item Mr Cartwright has to show that he had manifested intention to exercise control over the land. Where the chattel is affixed to or buried in the land, the freehold owner’s intention is presumed, so Mr Cartwright will have right to the item superior to those of the finder parker v British airways, if the was found in the ground. The next issue is to identify who has a better title if the item was found on the ground and it was never buried under the ground. The party who lost the brooch originally has an earlier property right in the brooch, and if the party came forward it would be able to claim the title to the brooch. We do not have sufficient information available to conclude whether the true owner of the brooch will be able to claim it or not. The next party which may have a superior claim to assert the title is Carrie. This scenario can be related to the case of Hannah v peel, where the claimant found a brooch in defendantâ⠂¬â„¢s house which was not attached to the ground nor buried under. She gave it to the police who then gave it back to the defendant who sold it. The claimant sought to claim back the possession of the brooch. It was held that the landowner was not aware of the existence of the brooch until it was brought to his attention by the police; therefore he cannot claim any title over the item found. On the one hand, the result in parker v British Airways Board is consistent with the position in Hannad v peel. British airways did not acquire a property right in the bracelet simply because it was lost and found on its land The court considered the decision in Bridges v Hawkesworth and decided that The point to discuss here is the important general principle that if a party takes physical control of an object, that party acquires a property right in that. This is a fundamental principle of law, so even a thief can rely on it even though he has dishonestly taken control of an object he stil l acquires a property right in it Costello v Chief Constable of Derbyshire. So in the given situation Carrie clearly has a property right in the brooch, she acquired the right simply by taking control of the item. Just as the chimney sweep’s boy in Armory v Delamrie acquired a property right by taking physical control of the jewel Carrie has acquired the right to the brooch. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ownership of Land" essay for you Create order

Analytical Essay on Wilfred Owens War Poetry- Dulce Et...

Analytical Essay on â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† By ZA 2010 and 15 years of Age British war poet, Wilfred Owen, incorporates many techniques of poetry writing in his works. As a soldier, Owen often wrote poems which described the misery and hardships on the fronts of World War One. To illustrate the image and scenes of the conflict, Owen uses an array of techniques which can be noticed in his poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† In the poem, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, Owen recollects the event of a gas attack on returning soldiers. Owen writes the poem in his own voice and from his own experiences of war. He addresses the misery, plight and hardships of war to his primary audiences in Britain. Owens main objective of writing â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† was to†¦show more content†¦The slow rhythm relates with the slow and tired group of retreating soldiers. Words such as â€Å"haunting flares† and â€Å"trudge†/ â€Å"sludge† slow the poem and add heaviness. Rhythm increases at the beginning of the gas attack (second stanza), as the soldiers scatter into panic. The tone then slows again as Owen depicts the death of the soldier and delves into a reflective mood, as the wagon slowly departs with the dead soldier. Owens uses words ending in â€Å"ing† to create a sense of heaviness and slowness in the pace of the poem. To illustrate the scene of the gas attack, Owen uses many poetic techniques. Owen uses horrid and unpleasant forms of imagery to make the reader realise the reality of war. Instantly from the opening lines, Owen makes an impact on the reader’s impressions about war. â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock Kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge†. Such phrases convey hardship, pitiful conditions and anguish of war. They are supported by detailed visual descriptions such as, â€Å"limped on, blood shod†, â€Å"floundering like a man on fire or lime†, â€Å"guttering, choking, drowning†, â€Å"white yes writhing† and â€Å"come gargling from the froth corrupted lungs†. These images are striking and appealing to the reader. They illustrate an intolerable and unpleasant scene, additionally exposing the lies of propaganda poster images. Techniques such as similes also add to develop an ugly image. Such as, â€Å"Bent double like old beggars† â€Å"coughing like

Stranded Free Essays

It has been three months on this island and no sign of human kind other than my sister and L every day is a challenge between shelter and food Saftey isn’t even a factor in this situation it really is a great challenge. We are currently located at a abandoned ship beeched near some rocks. There were a couple of supplies we gathered along the was such as bottles, containers, planks and more. We will write a custom essay sample on Stranded or any similar topic only for you Order Now Saphlre my sister gashed her leg while searching for fich on a sea shell It has begun toget Infected, we are hoping to find some medical supplies on the ship. so have begun doing everything around here. The food situation Is not well. Its beginning to get chilly Inwlch the flsh are not near shore and the frlut is gone. we have nothing but small creatures to catch and eat. I have been hunting often attempting to find something larger but not succeeding. I don’t know how long we can live In this type of situation. The weather patterns are so different since the war the Island should not be getting cold. The seasons are rapidly changing and It Is maklng things harder and us weaker. It has been a week since her leg Injury and 1m beginning to worry. I can see the pain in her eyes. It is a struggle tor her to even speak im hoping she will survive. Hope is all that is left. have made the decision it we dont tind a new shelter we have no chance. have been working on a ratt and have gathered enough tood. We will be leaving tor sea in the early morning. My sister needs help. I have been placing maggots on her open wound and attempting to keep it clean that’s all I can offer. Were on our way! just got us going, Hoping we will find land soon. packed enough food for two weeks, and enough water for three. Im hoping we find land before we run out. How to cite Stranded, Papers

Pharmaceutical Drug Addiction among African American Male Adolescents

A Brief History Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs is the recurrent use of medication without requisite direction and advice from a qualified medical expert. It also involves use of medication in contravention of expert advice and requirements (Boyd, 2007). Such abuse encompasses habitual use of prescription medication with a view to achieve good feelings and pleasure.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Pharmaceutical Drug Addiction among African American Male Adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most abused medication includes pain relievers and medication used to alleviate anxiety among patients. Statistical data indicate a high and alarming rate of abuse among African American adolescents in the United States. There are various manifestations of such abuse among young black adults in America. Due to this practice, there are increasing cases of hospital admissions because of complications resulting from ab use of pharmaceutical drugs. The numbers of registered deaths are currently on the rise (Boyd, 2007). History of pharmaceutical drug abuse in America dates back over a hundred years. During that period, there was rampant use of laudanum, a derivative of opium and alcohol. Laudanum was a remedy for nausea, insomnia, anxiety, among other medical conditions (Boyd, 2007). During early 19th century, doctors regularly prescribed the concoction to patients despite its high disposition to addiction. However, Caucasian women were highly susceptible to abuse of laudanum. Most men had susceptibility to abuse of alcohol and other forms of drugs. Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs among black adolescents became a serious problem in 1980s when the trend grew in popularity. Currently, many black adolescents in America commence abuse of prescription drugs in their pre-teen years (Boyd, 2007). Discussion Cases of addiction to pharmaceutical drugs are increasingly becoming common in American society. Ther e is a trend of abuse and addiction among individuals in the productive bracket of American society. The alarming rate of abuse and addiction emanates from various implicit and explicit factors that influence and determine the vice. Such factors include social, demographic and economic factors. There are cultural factors that also determine likelihood of abusing prescription drugs (Boyd, 2007). Among African American adolescents, there is high prevalence of abuse and addiction with regard to pharmaceutical drugs. Prevalence of this practice manifests through numerous cases of individuals who face arrest and prosecution because of abuse of prescription drugs. In some cases, there is involvement of prominent personalities in society. This is a clear indication of the inherent gravity of this matter. Abuse of prescription drugs is prevalent because of their availability in the market. Adolescents have easy access to prescription drugs through unscrupulous and dishonest doctors. Such do ctors avail drugs to young people in full knowledge of the apparent dangers of their actions (Boyd, 2007).Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Habitual use and abuse of prescription drugs leads to addiction and dependency. During initial stages of use, individuals derive pleasure and joy from such activities. After a certain period of use, the body gets used to the drug. In order to achieve pleasure, it becomes necessary that the person must increase dosage. This trend continues and eventually escalates into an epidemic. Currently, many people have total dependence on prescription drugs. They face numerous challenges as they struggle to fight the vice that has potential to cause harm and even lead to death (Thomas, 2006). As individuals fight the habit, they find it difficult to cope with life. There have been reported cases of suicide due to effects of pharmaceutical drugs ad diction. Addiction to prescription drugs heralds numerous negative effects for society. It reduces productivity because addicts have difficulty in carrying out productive undertakings. Addicts are habitually unwell because of side effects that result from abuse of pharmaceutical drugs (Thomas, 2006). Authorities should take necessary and urgent measures to correct the spiralling trend of abuse and addiction to pharmaceutical drugs. Failure to institute such measures will usher in a generation that cannot support itself due to addiction and abuse of pharmaceutical drugs. All relevant authorities and agencies have a responsibility to ensure that the young generation does not indulge in such activities because they lead to counterproductive behaviour (Thomas, 2006). Treatment and care for addicted persons is costly and requires money and other resources. Authorities spend huge amounts of money to treat and rehabilitate addicts annually. Such funds and resources should go into other con structive national undertakings. Society should always endeavour to sensitize members on the apparent dangers of abusing pharmaceutical drugs. Such efforts will go a long way in reducing cases of abuse and addiction to prescription drugs (Thomas, 2006). Policies on Addiction Most individuals who abuse pharmaceutical drugs argue that they are safer and less harmful that other drugs. This misconception is responsible for high prevalence of abuse and addiction among young people in America. Various policy efforts seek to institute corrective measures with regard to this problem (Cicero, 2007). Through such efforts, people will learn the negative effects of using prescription drugs erroneously. Efforts such as National Drug Control Strategy endeavour to deter abuse of pharmaceutical drugs in society. The strategy has measures that create awareness on pitfalls associated to abuse of prescription drugs. It advocates for proper acquisition and use of pharmaceutical drugs to avoid negative repercussions. It also creates awareness on proper and safe storage of pharmaceutical drugs to avoid alteration of their chemical qualities and components.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Pharmaceutical Drug Addiction among African American Male Adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any alterations regarding composition of such drugs could lead to poisoning and possible death (Cicero, 2007). The strategy also involves monitoring of all activities relating to pharmaceutical drugs. Through Prescription Drugs Monitoring Programmes (PDMPs), the strategy seeks to evaluate and regulate acquisition and use of pharmaceutical drugs to ensure compliance to standards and regulations. The strategy also provides mechanisms through which healthcare practitioners share critical information regarding use and sale of pharmaceutical drugs. As part of deterrence, the strategy proposes heavy fines and punishment for tho se found guilty of improper and illegal use of pharmaceutical drugs (Cicero, 2007). Diverse Populations Cases of addiction to pharmaceutical drugs are increasingly becoming common in American society. There is a trend of abuse and addiction among individuals in the productive bracket of American society. The alarming rate of abuse and addiction emanates from various implicit and explicit factors that influence and determine the vice (Cicero, 2007). Such factors include social, demographic and economic factors. There are cultural factors that also determine likelihood of abusing prescription drugs. Among African American adolescents, there is high prevalence of abuse and addiction with regard to pharmaceutical drugs. Prevalence of this practice manifests through numerous cases of individuals who face arrest and prosecution because of abuse of prescription drugs. Apart from young African Americans, other demographic segments indulge in this practice. The issue regarding abuse of pharm aceutical drugs is not unique to one demographic section in society. It is ubiquitous and prevalent across society (Gordon, 2006). Treatments Treatment of addiction is complex because of various aspects that characterize the problem. Healthcare practitioners appreciate the complex nature of the issue and therefore apply various methods to fight the problem of addiction. The most popular means of treatment is therapy (Gordon, 2006). The addict attends therapy sessions where a therapist prescribes various procedural activities to alleviate the problem. During therapy sessions, they share personal information with a therapist. Subsequently, they receive counselling services regarding their problem. The therapist offers tips on how the client can effectively abstain from abuse of prescription drugs. Apart from therapy, other medical procedures seek to reverse the ravages of addiction to pharmaceutical drugs. Such medical procedures materialize through crucial phases that mark the road t o recovery (Gordon, 2006).Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique The field of social work and human services is an important domain that plays a critical role in provision of vital services to needy persons such as addicts. Social work and human services seek to offer an avenue for intervention and relief for persons who experience difficulties and challenges in various areas of concern (Paulozzi et al, 2006). Through social services provision, individuals have access to professional care and support that guarantee their social well-being and holistic existential circumstances (Paulozzi et al, 2006). By offering such services, social work experts act as a bridge between individuals and the community. However, social workers should conduct a thorough and comprehensive assessment in order to acquire a clear understanding of the recurrent individual needs. There should be clear policies to enhance and promote efforts against abuse of pharmaceutical drugs (Paulozzi et al, 2006). Future Research There are numerous research undertakings with r egard to the issue of abuse and addiction to pharmaceutical drugs. Many scholars continue to institute research undertakings with a view to achieve a clear understanding on this issue. However, there is room for further research and studies regarding addiction to pharmaceutical drugs. Future research should focus on deterrence mechanisms to ensure reduction in cases of abuse and addiction. There is need for research on factors that lead to misuse of pharmaceutical drugs. References Boyd CJ, et al (2007). Prescription Drug Abuse and Diversion among Adolescents In America. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161(3):276. Cicero TJ, et al (2007). The Development of a Comprehensive Risk-Management Program for Prescription Opioid Analgesics: Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS). Pain Med 8(2):157. Gordon SM, et al (2006). Knowledge and Use of the Internet as a Source of Controlled Substances. J Subst Abuse Treat 30(3):271. Paulozzi, L. J., Budnitz, D. S., Yongli, X. (2006). Increasing Deaths From Opioid Analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 15(9): 613-617. Thomas CP, et al (2006). Trends in the Use of Psychotropic Medications Among Adolescents, 1994 to 2001. Psychiatr Serv 57(1):63. This term paper on Pharmaceutical Drug Addiction among African American Male Adolescents was written and submitted by user Kaleigh Lang to help you with your own studies. 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